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The Passover Seder (English pronunciation: ˈseɪ dəɹ; in (ヘブライ語:סֵדֶר) (:ˈsedeʁ), meaning "order, arrangement"; and in Yiddish: "seyder") is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. This corresponds to late March or April in the Gregorian calendar. Passover lasts for 7 days in Israel and 8 days outside of Israel (other than for adherents of Reform Judaism for whom Passover is 7 days regardless of location), with Jews outside of Israel other than Reform Jews holding two Seders (on the evening of the 15th and 16th of Nisan) and Jews in Israel and Reform Jews worldwide holding one Seder (on the 15th of Nisan). The Seder is a ritual performed by a community or by multiple generations of a family, involving a retelling of the story of The liberation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt. This story is in The Book of Exodus (''Shemot'') in The Hebrew Bible. The Seder itself is based on the Biblical verse commanding Jews to retell the story of The Exodus from Egypt: "You shall tell your child on that day, saying, 'It is because of what the LORD did for me when I came out of Egypt.'" (Exodus 13:8) Traditionally, families and friends gather in the evening to read the text of the Haggadah, an ancient work derived from the Mishnah (''Pesahim'' 10).〔"Haggadah, Passover." Ernst Goldschmidt, Bezalel Narkiss, Bezalel Narkiss, Joseph Gutmann, Robert Weltsch, Bezalel Narkiss, Joseph Gutmann, Cecil Roth, Hanoch Avenary, and Jody Myers. ''Encyclopaedia Judaica''. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Vol. 8. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. p207-217. 22 vols.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/etm/etm068.htm )〕 The Haggadah contains the narrative of the Israelite exodus from Egypt, special blessings and rituals, commentaries from the Talmud, and special Passover songs. Seder customs include telling the story, discussing the story, drinking four cups of wine, eating matza, partaking of symbolic foods placed on the Passover Seder Plate, and reclining in celebration of freedom.〔Babylonian Talmud, ''Pesachim'' 99b〕 The Seder is performed in much the same way by Jews all over the world. ==Overview== #''Kadeish'' קדש – recital of Kiddush blessing and drinking of the first cup of wine #''Urchatz'' ורחץ – the washing of the hands #''Karpas'' כרפס – dipping of the ''karpas'' in salt water #''Yachatz'' יחץ – breaking the middle matzo; the larger piece becomes the ''afikoman'' #''Maggid'' מגיד – retelling the Passover story, including the recital of "the four questions" and drinking of the second cup of wine #''Rachtzah'' רחצה – second washing of the hands #''Motzi'' מוציא, ''Matzo'' מצה – blessing before eating matzo #''Maror'' מרור – eating of the maror #''Koreich'' כורך – eating of a sandwich made of matzo and maror #''Shulchan oreich'' שולחן עורך – lit. "set table"—the serving of the holiday meal #''Tzafun'' צפון – eating of the ''afikoman'' #''Bareich'' ברך – blessing after the meal and drinking of the third cup of wine #''Hallel'' הלל – recital of the Hallel, traditionally recited on festivals; drinking of the fourth cup of wine #''Nirtzah'' נירצה – say "Next Year in Jerusalem!" While many Jewish holidays revolve around the synagogue, the Seder is conducted in the family home, although communal Seders are also organized by synagogues, schools and community centers, some open to the general public. It is customary to invite guests, especially strangers and the needy. The Seder is integral to Jewish faith and identity: as explained in the Haggadah, if not for divine intervention and the Exodus, the Jewish people would still be slaves in Egypt. Therefore, the Seder is an occasion for praise and thanksgiving and for re-dedication to the idea of liberation. Furthermore, the words and rituals of the Seder are a primary vehicle for the transmission of the Jewish faith from grandparent to child, and from one generation to the next. Attending a Seder and eating matza on Passover is a widespread custom in the Jewish community, even among those who are not religiously observant. The Seder table is traditionally set with the finest place settings and silverware, and family members come to the table dressed in their holiday clothes. There is a tradition for the person leading the Seder to wear a white robe called a kittel.〔Mishnah Berurah, 472:13〕 For the first half of the Seder, each participant will only need a plate and a wine glass. At the head of the table is a Seder plate containing various symbolic foods that will be eaten or pointed out during the course of the Seder. Placed nearby is a plate with three matzot and dishes of salt water for dipping. Each participant receives a copy of the Haggadah, which is often a traditional version: an ancient text that contains the complete Seder service. Men and women are equally obliged and eligible to participate in the Seder.〔sefer hachinuch, mi tzvah 21〕 In many homes, each participant at the Seder table will recite at least critical parts of the Haggadah in the original Hebrew and Aramaic. Halakhah requires that certain parts be said in language the participants can understand, and critical parts are often said in both Hebrew and the native language. The leader will often interrupt the reading to discuss different points with his or her children, or to offer a Torah insight into the meaning or interpretation of the words. In some homes, participants take turns reciting the text of the Haggadah, in the original Hebrew or in translation. It is traditional for the head of the household and other participants to have pillows placed behind them for added comfort. At several points during the Seder, participants lean to the left - when drinking the four cups of wine, eating the Afikoman, and eating the korech sandwich.〔 Jews generally observe one or two seders: in Israel, one seder is observed on the first night of Passover; many Diaspora communities, sometimes excluding Reform and Reconstructionist Jews, hold a seder also on the second night. Seders have been observed around the world, including in remote places such as high in the Himalaya mountains in Kathmandu, Nepal.〔April 14, 2014, Israel National News, (Volunteers Save Kathmandu Seder ), Accessed June 22, 2014, "...Chabad house, which is expecting over 1,000 people for Monday night's seder..."〕〔April 15th, 2014, Global Post, (From Kathmandu to Jerusalem, how Jews around the world are celebrating Passover ), Accessed June 28, 2014〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Passover Seder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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